https://www.earth.com/news/unidentified-chemical-found-in-tap-water-
across-the-u-s/

We all know that water is vital for life and our daily routines, and we
often take it for granted. Turn the knob above the sink, and water comes
out. No big deal, right? Unfortunately, scientists recently identified a
potentially undesirable chemical lurking in our precious tap water.

Chemical byproduct in water
A recent study found that this unidentified chemical byproduct could be
present in the tap water in approximately one-third of all U.S. homes.

Now, before you put down your glass of water with a shudder, let�s
emphasize that scientists are not yet sure whether this byproduct is
harmful or not.

However, they are worried that it could be, due to the characteristics of
the molecules.

Understanding �chloronitramide anion�
This enigmatic substance, dubbed �chloronitramide anion,� is the offspring
of chloramine, a chemical that, ironically, is used to treat water to make
it safe for human consumption. It�s a type of charged particle made up of
chlorine and nitramide parts.

Think of it like a tiny building block that has an extra negative charge,
which makes it react differently compared to neutral molecules.

This special charge allows it to connect with other molecules in unique
ways, making it useful for certain chemical reactions.

Chloramine is a concoction of chlorine and ammonia that kills viruses and
bacteria in water treatment systems. Unlike plain chlorine, chloramine
doesn�t disappear as quickly, so it provides longer-lasting protection.

Chloramine does a great job at disinfecting, and the newly-identified
�chloronitramide anion� is produced when chloramine breaks down.

�It has similarity to other toxic molecules,� said David Wahman, one of
the study�s authors and a research environmental engineer at the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

�We looked for it in 40 samples in 10 U.S. chlorinated drinking water
systems located in seven states. We did find it in all the samples.�

Battle against microbes
Chloramine has been trusted for about a hundred years to keep our water
free of pathogens. It�s often used to maintain the water that stays in our
pipes for several days after leaving a water treatment plant.

In fact, chloramine has become the preferred water warrior because its
alternative, chlorine, also produces byproducts � some of which are linked
to the incidence of bladder cancer and are patrolled by the EPA.

What lies beneath
David Reckhow, a research professor in civil and environmental engineering
at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, who wasn�t part of the study,
thinks the discovery is significant.

His major concern is understanding whether this newfound entity is
hazardous.

�It�s a pretty small molecule and it can probably for that reason enter
into biological systems and into cells. And it is still a reactive
molecule. Those are the kinds of things you worry about,� Reckhow
explained.

�We can go about the hard work of trying to figure out what its
toxicological relevance is in our water systems,� said Julian Fairey, the
lead author and an associate professor at the University of Arkansas.

Link to cancer
While this ongoing investigation creates waves, some past studies have
alluded to a connection between drinking disinfected water and higher
rates of certain cancers.

However, whether these occurrences have anything to do with this newly-
identified compound remains untested.

What happens next?
Drawing conclusions about the toxicity of this compound and establishing
regulations based on those findings is more likely to be a marathon than a
sprint.

�It�s a lot [of time] � probably a decade of research once a funding
source is found,� said Alan Roberson, executive director of the
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators.

In the meantime, water utilities should pay heed to ongoing research and
try to limit people�s exposure.

�You do what you can to minimize. You make the best judgment you can on
the toxicity and you run with incomplete information,� Reckhow recommends
wisely .

Questions arise
This study has also cast doubt on whether, from a health perspective,
chloramine is indeed a safer disinfection process than chlorine.

�This study really calls into question whether or not this disinfection
process is safer from a health perspective,� said David Andrews, a senior
scientist at the Environmental Working Group, an advocacy organization
that pushes for more scrutiny of chemicals.

He noted that there are several disinfection byproducts found in water
systems but that this one deserves scrutiny.

Tap water, chemicals, and safety
Any treatment of drinking water involves some level of health risk.

While disinfection processes have largely eradicated waterborne diseases
like cholera and typhoid, research suggests that some byproducts may pose
cancer risks and increase the chances of miscarriage or low birth-weight
babies.

Yet, these processes are crucial to neutralize real bacterial and viral
threats.

Check on water quality and byproducts
Thankfully, many U.S. water utilities provide information on their
websites about whether the supplied water is treated with chlorine or
chloramine.

There�s also some evidence that activated carbon filters, like those used
in home water purification devices or fridge filters, can rid water of
disinfectant byproducts. But, more research is needed.

So, the next time you turn on your tap for a glass of water, remember the
invisible actors at work. They are unseen, but critical; unnoticed, yet
ever-present.

The study is published in the journal Science.

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Leroy N. Soetoro wrote:
> Chloramine does a great job at disinfecting, and the newly-identified
> “chloronitramide anion” is produced when chloramine breaks down.

They have found traces of hydroxl acid in water system everywhere.

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