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>Fixed that subject line for you.
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>I hope somebody kills everyone who works for that retard rag.
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Science undermines right wing ideology and religious superstition which
is why undereducated and uneducated rightists regard it with suspicion,
believing those with degrees in science to be untrustworthy compared to
Trump, who has convinced them that he is the bastion of all truth.

There is no place for science in a Trump administration, especially since
he promises to bring back the good old days when science was ignored and
religion replaces it.

Righists believe in silencing scientists because the majority of what
scientists say is not what rightists want to hear.

Politics v. science: How President Trump's war on science impacted public
health and environmental regulation

Abstract

During his campaign for president, Joe Biden vowed to �end the politics
and follow the science� when dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic and other
public health and environmental crises. He was immediately criticized by
then President Trump, who cast �listen[ing] to the scientists� as
something only a fool would do, and warned that it would result in a
�massive [economic] depression.� It is hardly surprising that Trump would
take that position. After all, the Trump administration routinely
prioritized economic interests, and worked tirelessly to remove what it
viewed as unnecessary regulatory burdens on economic activity. The Trump
administration regularly suppressed, downplayed, or simply ignored
scientific research demonstrating the need for regulation to protect
public health and the environment. The Biden administration has vowed to
reverse course, but faces challenges in doing so due to the widespread
assault on science led by former President Trump.

The Trump administration's efforts to undermine science are documented in
the Silencing Science Tracker, an online database, which records anti-
science actions taken by the federal, state, and local governments.
Drawing on more than four years of tracker data�from Trump's election to
Biden's inauguration�we show that the Trump presidency fundamentally
changed how federal government agencies perform, use, and communicate
scientific research. While the Biden administration has taken initial
steps to undo some of those changes, it still has significant work to do
to restore the role of science in federal government decision-making. Its
task is made more difficult by the public distrust of science engendered
by the Trump presidency.
Keywords: Climate change, Science, Biden, Trump
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1. The Silencing Science Tracker

The Silencing Science Tracker is a joint project of the Climate Science
Legal Defense Fund1 and Columbia Law School's Sabin Center for Climate
Change Law.2 The tracker records reported attempts by federal, state, and
local government actors to restrict or prohibit scientific research,
education, or discussion, or the publication or use of scientific
information (�anti-science actions�). According to the tracker, 346 anti-
science actions were taken by the federal government between President
Trump's election and President Biden's inauguration (i.e., from November
8, 2016 to January 20, 2021). During the same period, a further 156 anti-
science actions were taken by state and local governments, but those
actions are not discussed in this chapter.

Federal actions recorded in the tracker are categorized as follows:

1.
government censorship;
2.
self-censorship;
3.
budget cuts;
4.
personnel changes;
5.
research hindrance; and
6.
bias and misrepresentation.

Within the above categories, the tracker records actions taken by the
federal executive and Congress, except legislative proposals. Many
tracker entries involve multiple types of action or actors. For the
purposes of this analysis, those entries were separated into their
component parts, resulting in 428 unique instances of anti-science
behavior, each of which involves one type of action (i.e., from the list
above), performed by one actor (e.g., a specific executive agency). The
figures shown below were calculated based on that total.. There is reason
to believe that many anti-science actions were not reported and thus are
not captured in the tracker, and therefore the total represents a
conservative estimate of anti-science actions taken between November 2016
and January 2021. In a survey conducted by the Office of Inspector
General for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nearly 400 EPA
scientists said they had observed violations of the agency's scientific
integrity policy in the second half of 2018, but did not report them due
to �fear of retaliation, belief that reporting would make no difference,
perceived suppression or interference by Agency leadership, and belief
that politics and policy outweigh science.�3 Given the Trump
administration's widespread and continued attacks on science, similar
concerns were likely also held by scientists at other federal agencies
throughout the second half of the Trump presidency. It is, therefore,
reasonable to assume that a large number of anti-science actions went
unreported.
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2. Anti-science actions under Trump

During his first presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised to
�ensure... total [scientific] transparency and accountability without
political bias.�4 That was a promise he didn�t keep. As detailed further
below, during his four years in office, former President Trump led a
concerted effort to undermine federal scientific research, particularly
research relating to climate change. The Trump administration's attacks
on climate science dovetailed neatly with one of the former President's
key goals: to roll-back climate regulations that scientific research
shows would advance public health and environmental quality. Faced with
this contradiction, the Trump administration sought to restrict access to
scientific information or cast doubt on its veracity, thereby limiting
public understanding of the issues and reducing possible opposition to
the administration's plans. Those actions created a culture of fear among
federal scientists, leading some to voluntarily suppress or distort
information at odds with former President Trump's agenda. Many of the
scientists who did speak out were removed from their positions, while
others were prevented from conducting further research on topics deemed
�controversial,� such as climate change.
2.1. Censorship and self-censorship

During President Trump's time in office (including the transition
period), there were 154 documented instances of federal government
censorship of scientists, and 19 instances of scientists engaging in
self-censorship. Approximately 72% involved the suppression of
information about climate change. This began even before President Trump
took office. In November 2016, staff at Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) deleted content discussing the relationship between
climate change and human health from at least four webpages, reportedly
to �avoid drawing the new president's ire.� Similar changes were made to
other federal agency websites after President Trump took office. In
total, during the Trump administration, climate change and other
scientific information was removed from the websites of twelve federal
bodies, in most cases at the direction of administration officials.5 This
made it more difficult for Americans to educate themselves about climate
change and other scientific issues, which may, in turn, have made it
easier for the Trump administration to act on those issues by allowing
them to �fly under the radar� or obscuring the consequences of
administration action.

The Trump administration also removed scientific information from
regulatory documents. For example, in or around August 2018,
administration officials deleted information6 on the local health effects
of climate change from regulatory documents supporting the weakening of
greenhouse gas emissions controls. Again, this helped the Trump
administration advance its deregulatory agenda, including by casting
doubt on the need for climate regulations. Trump administration officials
also attempted to suppress information that could lead to demands for
stricter regulation (e.g., because it shed additional light on the
impacts of climate change or demonstrated the inadequacy of that existing
attempts to address it).7 This could have lasting consequences, making it
more difficult for the current and future administrations to take
regulatory action, due to a lack of information or sense of urgency.

This type of scientific censorship was widespread during the Trump
administration, having been documented at 20 federal bodies�more than any
other type of anti-science action. Notably however, the number of
documented instances of government censorship declined slightly over
time, falling by 26% from 2017 to 2018, a further 18% in 2019, and 10%
more in 2020. This is not necessarily good news; it may simply reflect
the fact that less science was done because of personnel changes, budget
cuts, and other anti-science actions taken by the Trump Administration.
There is also reason to believe that the attacks on science created a
culture of fear among federal employees and led some to self-censor. A
survey conducted in 2016�before President Trump's election�found that 72%
of EPA scientists felt they could �openly express scientific opinions
about the Agency's scientific work without fear of retaliation.�8 That
number dropped to just 57% in a repeat survey conducted in 2018�almost
two years into Trump presidency.8 In the 2018 survey, over 600 scientists
said their �management chains do not consistently stand behind scientific
staff who put forth scientifically defensible positions, including those
that may be controversial.�8 It is, then, hardly surprising that some
scientists would choose to self-censor. However, while understandable,
such behavior could undermine public trust in science by creating the
impression that scientists �pick and choose� what to disclose and
regularly �hide� information. Both self- and government censorship may
also cause the public to question whether research conducted or overseen
by federal scientist is truly impartial and lead some to belief that such
research is inherently political and thus untrustworthy.
2.2. Personnel changes

In addition to suppressing information, the Trump administration also
sought to restrict or prevent further climate change research, including
by removing9 and reassigning10 federal government scientists. This
reduced the capacity of key science agencies. For example, the U.S.
Geological Survey�the science arm of the U.S. Department of the Interior
(DOI)�lost 150 staff scientists or over 2% of its total scientific
workforce between 2016 and 2020.11 During the same period, 672 scientists
left the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), resulting in 6% decline
its total scientific workforce.12

As well as reducing federal agencies� internal scientific expertise, the
Trump administration also sought to limit their access to outside
experts. To that end, in June 2019, President Trump issued an Executive
Order directing each federal agency to eliminate at least one-third of
its current scientific advisory committees.13 Following the order, at
least nine advisory committees across the Department of Commerce,
Department of Energy,14 DOI,15 and EPA16 were terminated. Many other
advisory committees (e.g., at EPA,17 DOI, and the Department of Labor18)
were unofficially suspended or had their membership changed, with
independent scientists replaced by industry representatives.19 In some
cases, the new appointees lacked appropriate expertise, leading to
concerns that the Trump administration was stacking advisory committees
with favored �experts� who would be unable or unwilling to question the
science behind its decisions. This was, perhaps, most obvious at EPA
where members of the committee responsible for advising on particulate
matter pollution themselves warned that they did �not have the breadth
and depth of knowledge or expertise . . . necessary to adequately advise
the EPA and to meet the statutory requirement for a thorough and accurate
review� of existing or proposed particulate matter controls.20

The dismantling of science advisory committees furthered the Trump
administration's goal of rolling back climate change regulations in
several ways. Perhaps most importantly, it limited external review of the
scientific bases for the Trump administration's deregulatory actions,
many of which were subsequently struck down by the courts on the basis
that they were not supported by the available evidence or the result of
reasoned decision-making. Expert review could have identified those flaws
before action was taken, but the Trump administration seemingly thought
it was more important to move ahead quickly and avoid the possibility of
anyone questioning its approach. The administration's actions also had
the effect of restricting federal agency and therefore public access to
information that might justify action on climate change. That appears to
have been the Trump administration's goal when it disbanded the Advisory
Committee for the Sustained National Climate Assessment while it was in
the process of drafting a report intended to assist government officials
to use the National Climate Assessment in long-term planning.21 These
types of actions again undermine trust in science by suggesting that
scientific research and findings can be easily manipulated to achieve
political ends.
2.3. Budget cuts

Under President Trump, federal agencies also faced pressure to reduce
spending on scientific research, with the administration proposing deep
across-the-board cuts in many budget cycles.22 Those proposals were
largely rejected by Congress, which actually increased research funding
during the Trump presidency.22 Nevertheless, many existing research
programs had their funding cut or entirely eliminated. For example, in
August 2017, DOI halted ongoing research into the health impacts of
mountaintop removal coal mining, pending a review.23 The research was
officially cancelled in April 2018, with DOI claiming that it was
�redundant.�23 A subsequent investigation found that DOI's then principal
deputy assistant secretary for land and minerals management, Katherine
MacGregor, had pushed for cancellation of the study after repeatedly
meeting with the National Mining Association and companies engaged in
mountaintop removal coal mining.23 Another DOI official, Landon �Tucker�
Davis, reportedly said the study should be cancelled because �science was
a Democrat thing,� reinforcing the idea that scientific research is
inherently political.23

Further supporting this view, under President Trump, some federal
agencies also began requiring new research programs to be reviewed by
political appointees to ensure they �promote the [Trump administration�s]
priorities.�24 It appears that appointees often used the review process
to further deregulatory initiatives, blocking funding for research that
might otherwise underpin environmental regulations. For example, EPA
refused new grants for climate research.24
2.4. Research hindrance

The Trump administration also restricted research in other ways. For
example, in September 2018, DOI announced plans to destroy records
relating to several of its program areas, including �biological resources
and marine conservation.�25 The records included, among other things,
data on the size and location of various fish and wildlife populations
that is used in researching species health.25 In addition to limiting
access to data needed for research, DOI also interfered with research
processes. For example, scientists at DOI's U.S. Geological Survey were
directed not to model the impacts of climate change beyond 2040,
presumably because the worst impacts are expected to occur in the second
half of the century.26

In total, in the time between President Trump's election and President
Biden's inauguration, there were 43 documented examples of research
hindrance. The number of incidents rose by 157% from 2017 to 2018�the
largest year-on-year increase in any category recorded in the Silencing
Science Tracker�before dropping in 2019 and then increasing to 2017
levels again in 2020. Again, many of the actions taken furthered the
Trump administration's deregulatory agenda, including by obscuring the
harms caused by climate change and thus making it easier to justify the
weakening of climate regulations. Other actions appear to have been
intended to help President Trump politically. For example, during the
COVID-19 pandemic, Trump administration officials pressured the Food and
Drug Administration to approve new vaccines and treatments before they
had been fully tested.27 President Trump had previously accused the �deep
state, or whoever, over at FDA� of intentionally slowing work to hinder
his chances of re-election.27 His supporters could easily have
interpreted this to mean that FDA scientists were pursuing their own
(anti-Trump) agenda and thus should not be trusted to deliver impartial
advice about COVID-19 or other issues.
Unlabelled Image

2.5. Bias and misrepresentation

Where the Trump administration could not block the conduct or publication
of research (e.g., because it was been mandated by law), administration
officials often engaged in bias and misrepresentation, undermining or
simply dismissing research findings that did not support its agenda. One
notable example was the administration's response to the Fourth National
Climate Assessment, which officials falsely claimed was �not data driven�
and only modelled �the most extreme scenario,� rendering it
untrustworthy; President Trump simply declared: �I don�t believe it.�28

President Trump took a similar approach to politically inconvenient
COVID-19 research. For example, when research called into question
President Trump's claims that hydroxychloroquine was an effective
treatment for COVID-19, the former President accused the researchers of
intentionally skewing the results by giving the drug to �very sick people
? that were ready to die.�29 President Trump did not point to any
evidence to support these claims, but nevertheless labelled the research
as �false,� and suggested it was politically motivated because that
researchers were �obviously not friends of the administration.�29 Again,
his supporters were led to believe that scientific research is easily co-
opted, and scientific facts open to interpretation.
Unlabelled Image

In total, in the period between President Trump's election and when he
left office, there were 85 documented instances of bias and
misrepresentation involving actors from Congress, the White House, and
nine executive agencies. Government actors appear to have felt
increasingly emboldened to engage in such behavior during the Trump
presidency. Instances of bias and misrepresentation doubled from 2017 to
2018, before stabilizing in 2019 and then increasing again in 2020. The
increase may be partly attributable to the Trump administration's
widespread scientific censorship, which has limited public access to
information that calls officials� views into question. Both government
censorship and bias and misrepresentation became increasingly prevalent
during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, there were three times as many
instances of bias and misrepresentation involving COVID-19 as there were
for the next largest category, climate change. (In all other years,
climate misinformation was the biggest category of bias and
misrepresentation.) Moreover, as a result of other anti-science actions
taken by the Trump administration, there were fewer federal scientists to
advise and potentially constrain officials during the later years of the
administration.

Regardless of the cause, the Trump administration's bias and
misrepresentation played neatly into their attempts to dismantle science-
based regulations, such as at EPA (where scientists� advice was
restricted30 or outright disregarded31) and DOI (which used faulty
science to justify deregulation32) as well as other agencies like OMB
(which instituted guidelines to limit how science can be used by
regulatory agencies33).
2.6. Agencies affected

These problems were widespread throughout the federal government during
the Trump presidency. Anti-science behavior was documented at 23 federal
bodies, including, unexpectedly, several agencies not highly focused on
scientific research (e.g., the Department of Justice and Federal
Communications Commission). Nevertheless, research agencies have borne
the brunt of the attacks on science, with the largest number recorded at
EPA (93 or 22% of the total) and DOI (74 or 17% of the total).
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3. The Biden administration's approach to science

During his campaign and since being elected, President Biden has
repeatedly stressed that his administration will �listen to science.�34
He began putting his words into action even before taking office, for
example, when he appointed Eric Lander as presidential science advisor.35
In comparison, Trump did not appoint a science advisor until nearly two
years into his term, later than any first-term president since at least
1976.36 At the same time as he appointed Lander, President Biden also
announced that the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
would become a Cabinet-level agency, giving it significantly more
influence in administration decision-making.37

Building on these early actions, on his first day in office, President
Biden issued an executive order declaring that, when combating climate
change, �the Federal Government must be guided by the best science and be
protected by processes that ensure the integrity of Federal decision-
making.�38 One week later, President Biden issued an executive memorandum
on �Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and
Evidence-Based Policymaking�:

It is the policy of my Administration to make evidence-based
decisions guided by the best available science and data ? Scientific
findings should never be distorted or influenced by political
considerations. When scientific or technological information is
considered in policy decisions, it should be subjected to well-
established scientific processes, including peer review where feasible
and appropriate, with appropriate protections for privacy. Improper
political interference in the work of Federal scientists or other
scientists who support the work of the Federal Government and in the
communication of scientific facts undermines the welfare of the Nation,
contributes to systemic inequities and injustices, and violates the trust
that the public places in government to best serve its collective
interests.39

At President Biden's direction, in May 2021, the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy convened an interagency taskforce to assess
the effectiveness of federal agencies� scientific integrity policies and
recommend reforms.40 That is an encouraging first step but significantly
more work will be needed to undo the damage done by the Trump
administration.

As well as broad efforts to restore the role of science in federal
decision-making, the Biden administration will also need to undo many of
the individual anti-science actions taken during the Trump presidency.
For example, the scientists who left federal employment will need to be
replaced, the policies requiring political review of research grants and
publications will need to be changed, the federal advisory committees
that were disbanded will need to be re-established, and the committees
that continue to exist will need to be reviewed to ensure their members
are qualified and independent. There is a lot to do and, so far, the
Biden administration has only just scratched the surface. At the time of
writing�nine months into the Biden presidency�the administration had only
undone eleven of the Trump-era anti-science actions recorded in the
Silencing Science Tracker. To be fair, some actions cannot be directly
undone (e.g., the administration's repeated questioning of climate
science). And, in other areas, there have been some encouraging steps
forward. For instance, in March 2021, EPA Administrator Michael Regan
dismissed all members of the agency's Scientific Advisory Board due to
�process irregularities� in appointments during the Trump
administration.41 New board members were appointed in August 2021 after
extensive conflict of interest and impartiality tests.42

Further work by the Biden administration could be hampered by distrust of
science within some segments of the American public. In a survey
conducted by the Pew Research Center in April and May 2020, only 39% of
respondents said they had a �great deal� of confidence in scientists to
act in the best interests of the public.43 While that was up slightly
from 2019 levels, when 35% of survey respondents said they had a �great
deal� of confidence in scientists, Pew found growing partisan difference
in trust levels.43 In the 2020 survey, only 27 percent of respondents who
identified as Republican expressed a great deal of confidence in
scientists, compared to 52% for Democrats.43 Black and Hispanic Americans
have also been shown to have less trust in scientists than White
communities.44

There can be little doubt that the Trump administration stoked distrust
in science in at least some segments of the public. Although previous
administrations�both Republican and Democrat�had engaged in anti-science
behavior, under President Trump, attacks on science were much more
frequent and widespread. They also took on a different flavor. Whereas
past presidents consistently upheld the value of scientific research, at
least publicly, the Trump administration repeatedly questioned it. Trump
administration officials described inconvenient research findings as
�untrustworthy� and �unbelievable.�28 Some have even suggested that all
research is inherently partisan because science is �a Democrat thing.�23
Those sentiments undermine the perceived value of independent research
which could, in turn, encourage greater politicization of science and
decrease reliance on it as a basis for environmental and other
regulation.
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4. Where to from here? Restoring the role of science

Clearly, there is a pressing need for reforms to better protect federal
scientists, and restore public trust in the scientific process. Foremost
among these is strengthening federal agency scientific integrity
policies. Many federal agencies adopted such policies during the Obama
administration, with the goal of ensuring that the science they use in
decision-making is free from political interference.45 The policies
clearly fell short of their goals during the Trump administration.

The Trump presidency showed that, first and foremost, scientific
integrity policies need stronger mechanisms to protect science against
political interference. As of this writing, a number of agency scientific
integrity policies do not actually prohibit political interference in
science.46 Other policies provide only limited protections, such as at
DOI, where only public affairs officers are fully prevented from
attempting to engage in political interference.47 Many policies also need
stronger protections for the rights of scientists to communicate their
findings, which would allow scientists to freely share scientific
information and correct misinformation.48 And stronger requirements
regarding conflicts of interest are needed across the board to help
reduce regulatory capture by industry interests and other forms of
corruption.48 Finally, it must be easier and safer for scientists to
navigate the scientific integrity complaint process�there is much to be
done to clarify the processes and procedures for filing and investigating
complaints, implement clear and meaningful penalties for violations, and
protect complainants against retaliation.49

Several initiatives are currently underway in both the Biden
administration and in Congress, working towards these necessary
improvements. Unfortunately, on both fronts, progress has been slower
than one would like. As mentioned above, following a January 2021
Presidential Memorandum, the Biden administration convened a task force
to review and revamp agency scientific integrity policies, but as the
writing of this chapter, the task force is already several months behind
its initial deadlines. Meanwhile, in Congress, a Scientific Integrity Act
was first proposed in 2017 and has been reintroduced several times since
then, but does not yet appear to be close to passage.

Despite the slow movement, it is important to remember that the tide is
turning in a more pro-science direction. Unfortunately, history has shown
that�at some point�the pendulum will likely swing back, at least to some
degree. It is imperative that we use this time to institute stronger
protections for federal science.

Data availability: All data analyzed in this study are available online
at https://climate.law.columbia.edu/Silencing-Science-Tracker.