The misinterpretation of Kepler's diagram by a non-astronomer, Isaac Newton, in this case, created the quagmire of individual reference systems celebrated as early 20th-century relativity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler#/media/File:Kepler_Mars_retrograde.jpg

"Copernicus, by attributing a single annual motion to the Earth, entirely rids the planets of these extremely intricate coils, leading the individual planets into their respective orbits, quite bare and very nearly circular. In the period of time shown in the diagram, Mars traverses one and the same orbit as many times as the 'garlands' you see looped towards the centre, with one extra, making nine times, while at the same time, the Earth repeats its circle sixteen times " Kepler Astronomia Nova 1609

Newton and his supporters assume the representation is geocentric, so by placing the Sun at the centre of the diagram, the direct/retrograde loops disappear. It constituted the emergence of absolute/relative space and motion or apparent motions versus true motions as an idiosyncratic treatment of Kepler's perspective.

"For to the Earth planetary motions appear sometimes direct, sometimes stationary, nay, and sometimes retrograde. But from the Sun they are always seen direct[ly],..." Newton

https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap230415.html

Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo collected the data based on the motion of both Earth and Mars against the stationary background constellations. It is by asserting that the motion of the slower-moving planets and their direct/retrograde motions are accounted for by a moving Earth, thereby causing them to fall behind in view as the Earth overtakes them.

https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap011220.html

I sought to encourage readers to enjoy and promote the proper perspective for the slower-moving planets seen from the faster-moving Earth and then work with the new perspective where a separate framework is necessary to account for the motions of Venus and Mercury.