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comp / comp.sys.mac.misc / Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping

SubjectAuthor
* How much HD space needed for memory swappingDudley Brooks
+* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingJolly Roger
|`* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingDudley Brooks
| `* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingJolly Roger
|  `* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingDudley Brooks
|   `* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingYour Name
|    `* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingDudley Brooks
|     `- Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingYour Name
`* Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingDoc O'Leary ,
 `- Re: How much HD space needed for memory swappingDudley Brooks

1
Subject: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Dudley Brooks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 07:10 UTC
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: dbrooks@runforyourlife.org (Dudley Brooks)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Wed, 15 Jan 2025 23:10:53 -0800
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
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(I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)

Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3

As you see, my HD is very full.

As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
windows don't open at full size, etc.

I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.

What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
performance?

Thanks!

[NOTE: Originally misposted to comp.sys.mac.apps.]

--
Dudley Brooks, Artistic Director
Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company!
San Francisco

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Jolly Roger
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: People for the Ethical Treatment of Pirates
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 19:16 UTC
References: 1
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!feeder3.eternal-september.org!fu-berlin.de!uni-berlin.de!individual.net!not-for-mail
From: jollyroger@pobox.com (Jolly Roger)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: 16 Jan 2025 19:16:03 GMT
Organization: People for the Ethical Treatment of Pirates
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On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>
> Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
> OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
> HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
> CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
> Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>
> As you see, my HD is very full.
>
> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>
> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>
> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
> performance?

That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending on
how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
short of that 100 GB (10%).

--
E-mail sent to this address may be devoured by my ravenous SPAM filter.
I often ignore posts from Google. Use a real news client instead.

JR

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Dudley Brooks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 21:44 UTC
References: 1 2
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: dbrooks@runforyourlife.org (Dudley Brooks)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 13:44:20 -0800
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
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On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:

> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>
>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>
>> Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>> OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>> HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>> CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
>> Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>
>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>
>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>
>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>
>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>> performance?
>
> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending on
> how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
> short of that 100 GB (10%).

OK, thanks! Now I know what to aim for. Luckily, it will not be too
difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.

Should I defrag afterwards? Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
it somehow unnecessarry

--
Dudley Brooks, Artistic Director
Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company!
San Francisco

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Jolly Roger
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: People for the Ethical Treatment of Pirates
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:49 UTC
References: 1 2 3
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!feeder3.eternal-september.org!fu-berlin.de!uni-berlin.de!individual.net!not-for-mail
From: jollyroger@pobox.com (Jolly Roger)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: 17 Jan 2025 00:49:03 GMT
Organization: People for the Ethical Treatment of Pirates
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On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
> On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>
>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>
>>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>>
>>> Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>>> OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>>> HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>>> CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
>>> Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>>
>>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>>
>>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>>
>>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>>
>>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>>> performance?
>>
>> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
>> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending on
>> how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
>> short of that 100 GB (10%).
>
> OK, thanks! Now I know what to aim for. Luckily, it will not be too
> difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.

🙂👍🏼

> Should I defrag afterwards? Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
> it somehow unnecessarry

That's not something you need to do with flash storage (SSDs).

--
E-mail sent to this address may be devoured by my ravenous SPAM filter.
I often ignore posts from Google. Use a real news client instead.

JR

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Doc O'Leary ,
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Subsume Technologies, Inc.
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:29 UTC
References: 1
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: droleary.usenet@2023.impossiblystupid.com (Doc O'Leary ,)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:29:34 -0000 (UTC)
Organization: Subsume Technologies, Inc.
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For your reference, records indicate that
Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:

> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
> windows don't open at full size, etc.

Something is missing from your assessment. While things can slow down when
the computer takes time to swap things from RAM to HD and back again, none
of that should keep windows from opening/resizing properly.

> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.

Maybe, or not. Whether or not free space is used for swap or something
else depends a lot on what you’re actually doing. For example, it could
be that one of the apps you use creates large temp files, and it has
reduced functionality when it has trouble doing that.

> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
> performance?

The right way to think about it is what you’re actually doing that is
impacting performance. Open Activity Monitor and see what’s using RAM,
CPU, etc. Given that you already have 16GB of RAM, you’d have to be
running *dozens* of large apps for you to be needing equivalent amounts of
swap. Although, keep in mind that if you leave a web browser open with
multiple tabs, each site can chew up far more RAM than you might expect
(I’m talking more than 1GB for a single web page!).

You have a very old machine, which doesn’t help. I still have a 2012 Mac
mini with 8GB that runs fine for most things, but I don’t push it to do
things I know it is too slow to handle. If you expect to keep using Intel hardware that’s a decade old, you have to be realistic about what it can
and can’t do.

--
"Also . . . I can kill you with my brain."
River Tam, Trash, Firefly

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Dudley Brooks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 21:13 UTC
References: 1 2 3 4
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: dbrooks@runforyourlife.org (Dudley Brooks)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 13:13:51 -0800
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
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On 1/16/25 4:49 PM, Jolly Roger wrote:

> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>
>> On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>
>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>
>>>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>>>
>>>> Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>>>> OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>>>> HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>>>> CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
>>>> Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>>>
>>>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>>>
>>>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>>>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>>>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>>>
>>>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>>>
>>>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>>>> performance?
>>>
>>> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
>>> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending on
>>> how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
>>> short of that 100 GB (10%).
>>
>> OK, thanks! Now I know what to aim for. Luckily, it will not be too
>> difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.
>
> 🙂👍🏼
>
>> Should I defrag afterwards? Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
>> it somehow unnecessarry
>
> That's not something you need to do with flash storage (SSDs).

Ah! Excellent! Thanks!

--
Dudley Brooks, Artistic Director
Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company!
San Francisco

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Your Name
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: A noiseless patient Spider
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 21:33 UTC
References: 1 2 3
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From: YourName@YourISP.com (Your Name)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2025 10:33:26 +1300
Organization: A noiseless patient Spider
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On 2025-01-17 21:13:51 +0000, Dudley Brooks said:
> On 1/16/25 4:49 PM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>> On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>>>>
>>>>> Model: Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>>>>> OS: OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>>>>> HD: 1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>>>>> CPU: 2.6 GHz Intel
>>>>> Mem: 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>>>>
>>>>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>>>>
>>>>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>>>>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>>>>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>>>>
>>>>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>>>>
>>>>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>>>>> performance?
>>>>
>>>> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
>>>> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending on
>>>> how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
>>>> short of that 100 GB (10%).
>>>
>>> OK, thanks! Now I know what to aim for. Luckily, it will not be too
>>> difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.
>>
>> 🙂👍🏼
>>
>>> Should I defrag afterwards? Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
>>> it somehow unnecessarry
>>
>> That's not something you need to do with flash storage (SSDs).
>
> Ah! Excellent! Thanks!

The original post says "HD", as in hard drive, not SSD flash storage.
As usual Jolly Roger didn't bother actually reading the question.

Having noted that, defragging isn't really neccessary on MacOS hard
drives either.

Do Mac hard drives need to be defragmented?
macOS does not include a built-in defragmentation tool
because it is deemed unnecessary. macOS is designed to
handle file fragmentation automatically, especially for
small files. Using an external defragmentation tool on
a Mac is not recommended.
<https://www.crucial.com/articles/mac-users/how-to-defragment-a-mac>

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Dudley Brooks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 21:45 UTC
References: 1 2 3 4
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: dbrooks@runforyourlife.org (Dudley Brooks)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 13:45:25 -0800
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
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On 1/17/25 1:33 PM, Your Name wrote:
> On 2025-01-17 21:13:51 +0000, Dudley Brooks said:
>> On 1/16/25 4:49 PM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>> On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Model:    Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>>>>>> OS:    OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>>>>>> HD:    1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>>>>>> CPU:    2.6 GHz Intel
>>>>>> Mem:    16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs
>>>>>> load
>>>>>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>>>>>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>>>>>> performance?
>>>>>
>>>>> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
>>>>> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive,
>>>>> depending on
>>>>> how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
>>>>> short of that 100 GB (10%).
>>>>
>>>> OK, thanks!  Now I know what to aim for.  Luckily, it will not be too
>>>> difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.
>>>
>>> 🙂👍🏼
>>>
>>>> Should I defrag afterwards?  Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
>>>> it somehow unnecessarry
>>>
>>> That's not something you need to do with flash storage (SSDs).
>>
>> Ah!  Excellent!  Thanks!
>
> The original post says "HD", as in hard drive, not SSD flash storage. As
> usual Jolly Roger didn't bother actually reading the question.
>
> Having noted that, defragging isn't really neccessary on MacOS hard
> drives either.

My apologies -- it actually is an SSD. I just have been using computers
for so long that I still say "HD" generically -- anything that's not a
floppy or a tape!

>     Do Mac hard drives need to be defragmented?
>     macOS does not include a built-in defragmentation tool
>     because it is deemed unnecessary. macOS is designed to
>     handle file fragmentation automatically, especially for
>     small files. Using an external defragmentation tool on
>     a Mac is not recommended.
>     <https://www.crucial.com/articles/mac-users/how-to-defragment-a-mac

--
Dudley Brooks, Artistic Director
Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company!
San Francisco

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Dudley Brooks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 21:55 UTC
References: 1 2
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: dbrooks@runforyourlife.org (Dudley Brooks)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 13:55:41 -0800
Organization: Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company
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On 1/17/25 7:29 AM, Doc O'Leary wrote:

> For your reference, records indicate that
> Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>
>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>
> Something is missing from your assessment. While things can slow down when
> the computer takes time to swap things from RAM to HD and back again, none
> of that should keep windows from opening/resizing properly.
>
>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>
> Maybe, or not. Whether or not free space is used for swap or something
> else depends a lot on what you’re actually doing. For example, it could
> be that one of the apps you use creates large temp files, and it has
> reduced functionality when it has trouble doing that.
>
>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>> performance?
>
> The right way to think about it is what you’re actually doing that is
> impacting performance. Open Activity Monitor and see what’s using RAM,
> CPU, etc. Given that you already have 16GB of RAM, you’d have to be
> running *dozens* of large apps for you to be needing equivalent amounts of
> swap. Although, keep in mind that if you leave a web browser open with
> multiple tabs, each site can chew up far more RAM than you might expect
> (I’m talking more than 1GB for a single web page!).
>
> You have a very old machine, which doesn’t help. I still have a 2012 Mac
> mini with 8GB that runs fine for most things, but I don’t push it to do
> things I know it is too slow to handle. If you expect to keep using Intel hardware that’s a decade old, you have to be realistic about what it can
> and can’t do.

Thanks! I'll check this all out when my time frees up.

--
Dudley Brooks, Artistic Director
Run For Your Life! ... it's a dance company!
San Francisco

Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
From: Your Name
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Organization: A noiseless patient Spider
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:33 UTC
References: 1 2 3
Path: news.eternal-september.org!eternal-september.org!.POSTED!not-for-mail
From: YourName@YourISP.com (Your Name)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.misc
Subject: Re: How much HD space needed for memory swapping
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 2025 13:33:15 +1300
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On 2025-01-17 21:45:25 +0000, Dudley Brooks said:
> On 1/17/25 1:33 PM, Your Name wrote:
>> On 2025-01-17 21:13:51 +0000, Dudley Brooks said:
>>> On 1/16/25 4:49 PM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>>> On 1/16/25 11:16 AM, Jolly Roger wrote:
>>>>>> On 2025-01-16, Dudley Brooks <dbrooks@runforyourlife.org> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> (I hope that "memory swapping" is the correct term.)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Model:    Late 2013 Macbook Pro
>>>>>>> OS:    OS X 10.13.6 High Sierra
>>>>>>> HD:    1 TB, 954.34 GB used, 44.27 GB available
>>>>>>> CPU:    2.6 GHz Intel
>>>>>>> Mem:    16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> As you see, my HD is very full.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> As it fills up, I have seen a big dropoff in function -- programs load
>>>>>>> much more slowly, can only have a few programs open at the same time,
>>>>>>> windows don't open at full size, etc.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I assume this is because of not enough swap space on the HD.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> What is the recommended amount of HD space to keep free for good
>>>>>>> performance?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> That would depend on how much RAM you actually use, but the general
>>>>>> recommendation is to keep 10-20% free on the startup drive, depending
>>>>>> on how much your system swaps due to low memory conditions. You're way
>>>>>> short of that 100 GB (10%).
>>>>>
>>>>> OK, thanks!  Now I know what to aim for.  Luckily, it will not be too
>>>>> difficult to accomplish -- loads of stuff I can get rid of.
>>>>
>>>> 🙂👍🏼
>>>>
>>>>> Should I defrag afterwards?  Or does the OS (10.13.6 High Sierra) make
>>>>> it somehow unnecessarry
>>>>
>>>> That's not something you need to do with flash storage (SSDs).
>>>
>>> Ah!  Excellent!  Thanks!
>>
>> The original post says "HD", as in hard drive, not SSD flash storage.
>> As usual Jolly Roger didn't bother actually reading the question.
>>
>> Having noted that, defragging isn't really neccessary on MacOS hard
>> drives either.
>
> My apologies -- it actually is an SSD. I just have been using
> computers for so long that I still say "HD" generically -- anything
> that's not a floppy or a tape!

It's an easy mistake to make, especially as Apple kept on labelling the
main storage drive "Macintosh HD" even long after they were switched
over to using SSDs instead.

But whether you made a mistake or not, it was typed as HD and Jolly
Roger replied about SSDs.

>>     Do Mac hard drives need to be defragmented?
>>     macOS does not include a built-in defragmentation tool
>>     because it is deemed unnecessary. macOS is designed to
>>     handle file fragmentation automatically, especially for
>>     small files. Using an external defragmentation tool on
>>     a Mac is not recommended.
>>     <https://www.crucial.com/articles/mac-users/how-to-defragment-a-mac

1

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